Juniper is the most important native conifer in Iran. Juniper as one of the most resistant tree species to extreme conditions, frost (up to -40°C) and drought, plays important role in mountainous regions of Iran. In this study, by investigation on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Essential Oils ofleaves and berries (female cones), the effects of environmental factors were studied on metabolism of secondary products. The volatitale constituents of the Leaves and berries of male, female and male-female trees isolated by steam-distillation were analyzed by GC-MS.Results indicated that the amount of Essential oil in berries is higher than that in leaves. Seasonal alteration of Essential oil of berries differs from leaves. The Essential oil of berries increase during growth period, however decreased in leaves. Besides drying has increasing effect on Essential oil. In total 32 terpenoidic components were found that a-pinene, limonene, trans-verbenol, cisverbenol, verbenone, g- elemone and elemol were the important ones. a-pinene up to 70% of Essential oil content was the highest component. Seasonal alteration of each component was very variable.Drying effect can be valuable for isolation of components and commercial applications.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of adding a mixture of peppermint, thyme and rosemary Essential Oils (EOs) in a ratio of (3:1:2), respectively, to the diet, on growth performance, rumen and blood parameters of fattening lambs. Twenty-one Mehraban lambs with an average weight of 29.80 kg were randomly allocated to one of three diets: 1) control, 2) base diet+1.25ml of EOs and 3) base diet+2.5ml of EOs. Daily weight gain was greater in the groups receiving the EOs than in the control, although this increase was mainly due to the interactions of treatment over time. Feed consumption and feed conversion ratio compared to the control did not altered. The total concentrations of VFAs and acetate in the groups receiving EOs decreased (P<0.05), while the concentration of propionate increased (P<0.05) at the level of 2.5ml of EOs and isovalerate increased (P<0.05) in both levels of EOs compared to the control. Total population of protozoa, rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration were not affected by treatments. Glucose concentration increased at high level of EOs (P<0.05). Concentrations of urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, total protein and albumin did not altered. The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, number and percentage of white cells including lymphocytes and eosinophils were not affected by treatments but the percentage of monocytes decreased (P<0.05) at low level of the EOs. The results of this experiment showed that the addition of mixture of EOs to the diet did not have a significant effect on performance parameters and immune system of lambs, although it reduced the total concentration of VFA and acetate and increased the concentration of propionate.

I have previously argued that human flourishing partly consists in the ability to exercise Essential human capacities, many of which are non-distinctive and shared with other animals. The concept of flourishing is itself species-specific. Thus, the development of Essential capacities (human and nonhuman) comprises a large part of the goods that we ought to promote. Problems about the definition of ‘Essential’ are discussed, as are related issues about whether there are necessary and sufficient conditions for the correct use of sortal universal terms. The relation of the exercise of Essential capacities to basic needs is investigated, and the Essential nature of the human capacity for meaningful work, which has been disputed by John White, is defended. Finally, some suggestions are offered about what the proponents of the capabilities approach might derive from that of Essential capacities.